High rise buildings, including the China Zun or CITIC Tower (L, back) is seen at the Central Business Distric (CBD) from the Tuanjiehu park in Beijing on June 2, 2025.
Adek Berry | Afp | Getty Images
China’s economy grew at a slower clip in the second quarter, as trade tensions with the U.S. rattled an economy already mired in deflation and a years-long housing downturn, raising pressure on Beijing to step up stimulus to underpin growth.
China’s gross domestic product expanded by 5.2% in the second quarter, according to China’s National Bureau of Statistics on Monday, slightly beating Reuters-polled economists’ estimates of a 5.1% growth, and decelerating from the 5.4% in the first quarter.
In June, retail sales growth slowed to 4.8% from a year earlier, compared with the 6.4% year-on-year increase in May. That figure also disappointed Reuters-polled economists’ forecast of 5.4%.
Industrial output expanded by 6.8% from a year earlier, versus median estimates of 5.7%.
Fixed asset investment grew 2.8% in the first half of this year against estimates of a 3.6% increase in a Reuters poll.
The urban unemployment rate remained at 5% in June, after touching a two-year high of 5.4% in February.
In April, U.S. President Donald Trump ratchet up tariffs on Chinese imports to a prohibitive level of 145%, spurring a round of stimulus measures from Beijing, including financial support for exporters struggling to take orders, subsidies for companies that hire fresh graduates and continuous expansion of a consumer goods trade-in program to boost demand.
The two sides reached a truce in May, agreeing to roll back most of their tariffs on one another. Their respective trade negotiators later outlined a framework after a meeting in London in June, which involves China expediting approval for exports of rare-earth minerals and Washington walking back its restrictions on Beijing’s access to advanced American technologies and Chinese students’ visas to study in the U.S.
Beijing faces a deadline of Aug. 12 to work out a permanent deal with Washington.
The Chinese leadership in May unveiled a slew of policy steps in its bid to shore up the tariff-hit economy, including cutting interest rates and injecting additional liquidity to the market.
The stimulus measures have helped lift certain aspects of the economy. Both official and private surveys showed an improvement in the manufacturing activity.
Exports have also remained largely resilient in the quarter as businesses accelerated to divert trade to alternative markets. Its U.S.-bound shipment shrank 10.9% this year as of June, while exports to Southeast Asia nations and European Union countries — the groupings China counts as its two largest trading partners — jumped 13% and 6.6%, respectively.
That sent the share of China’s exports to the U.S. to 11.9% in the first half of this year, from 14.1% over the same period last year, according to the customs data released Monday.
While China’s economy has remained on a generally firm footing this year, buoyed by robust exports and support measures, economists are largely cautious of more economic headwinds ahead, calling for the leadership to launch fresh fiscal stimulus.
PBOC advisor Huang Yiping, in a report published last week with two other economists, said that authorities need to add as much as 1.5 trillion yuan in fiscal stimulus to spur household spending and offset impacts from the U.S. tariffs, as well as cut interest rates further.
While the recent economic data suggested China’s economic growth may top 5% in the second quarter, “deeper indicators such as soft consumer price index, weak purchasing managers’ index readings, cautious credit dynamics and elevated migrant worker unemployment point to underlying fragility,” the economists said.
Structural reforms around China’s fiscal plans, pension system and the financial sector are needed to ensure a more balanced, sustainable growth, the economists said.
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